Katana is a modern Swift framework for writing iOS applications' business logic that are testable and easy to reason about. Katana is strongly inspired by Redux.

In few words, the app state is entirely described by a single serializable data structure, and the only way to change the state is to dispatch a StateUpdater. A StateUpdater is an intent to transform the state, and contains all the information to do so. Because all the changes are centralized and are happening in a strict order, there are no subtle race conditions to watch out for.

We feel that Katana helped us a lot since we started using it in production. Our applications have been downloaded several millions of times and Katana really helped us scaling them quickly and efficiently. Bending Spoons's engineers leverage Katana capabilities to design, implement and test complex applications very quickly without any compromise to the final result.

We use a lot of open source projects ourselves and we wanted to give something back to the community, hoping you will find this useful and possibly contribute. ❤️

State of the project

We wrote several successful applications using the layer that Katana and Tempura provide. We still think that their approach is really a good one for medium-sized applications but, as our app grows, it becomes increasingly important to have a more modular architecture. For this reason, we have migrated our applications to use The Composable Architecture.

Overview

Your entire app State is defined in a single struct, all the relevant application information should be placed here.

struct CounterState: State {
  var counter: Int = 0
}

The app State can only be modified by a StateUpdater. A StateUpdater represents an event that leads to a change in the State of the app. You define the behaviour of the State Updater by implementing the updateState(:) method that changes the State based on the current app State and the StateUpdater itself. The updateState should be a pure function, which means that it only depends on the inputs (that is, the state and the state updater itself) and it doesn't have side effects, such as network interactions.

struct IncrementCounter: StateUpdater {
  func updateState(_ state: inout CounterState) {
    state.counter += 1
  }
}

The Store contains and manages your entire app State. It is responsible of managing the dispatched items (e.g., the just mentioned State Updater).

// ignore AppDependencies for the time being, it will be explained later on
let store = Store<CounterState, AppDependencies>()
store.dispatch(IncrementCounter())

You can ask the Store to be notified about every change in the app State.

store.addListener() { oldState, newState in
  // the app state has changed
}

Side Effects

Updating the application's state using pure functions is nice and it has a lot of benefits. Applications have to deal with the external world though (e.g., API call, disk files management, …). For all this kind of operations, Katana provides the concept of side effects. Side effects can be used to interact with other parts of your applications and then dispatch new StateUpdaters to update your state. For more complex situations, you can also dispatch other side effects.

Side Effects are implemented on top of Hydra, and allow you to write your logic using promises. In order to leverage this functionality you have to adopt the SideEffect protocol

struct GenerateRandomNumberFromBackend: SideEffect {
  func sideEffect(_ context: SideEffectContext<CounterState, AppDependencies>) throws {
    // invokes the `getRandomNumber` method that returns a promise that is fullfilled
    // when the number is received. At that point we dispatch a State Updater
    // that updates the state
    context.dependencies.APIManager
        .getRandomNumber()
        .then { randomNumber in context.dispatch(SetCounter(newValue: randomNumber)) }
  }
}

struct SetCounter: StateUpdater {
  let newValue: Int
  
  func updateState(_ state: inout CounterState) {
    state.counter = self.newValue
  }
}

Moreover, you can leverage the Hydra.await operator to write logic that mimics the async/await pattern, which allows you to write async code in a sync manner.

struct GenerateRandomNumberFromBackend: SideEffect {
  func sideEffect(_ context: SideEffectContext<CounterState, AppDependencies>) throws {
    // invokes the `getRandomNumber` method that returns a promise that is fulfilled
    // when the number is received.
    let promise = context.dependencies.APIManager.getRandomNumber()
    
    // we use Hydra.await to wait for the promise to be fulfilled
    let randomNumber = try Hydra.await(promise)

    // then the state is updated using the proper state updater
    try Hydra.await(context.dispatch(SetCounter(newValue: randomNumber)))
  }
}

In order to further improve the usability of side effects, there is also a version which can return a value. Note that both the state and dependencies types are erased, to allow for more freedom when using it in libraries, for example.

struct PurchaseProduct: ReturningSideEffect {
  let productID: ProductID

  func sideEffect(_ context: AnySideEffectContext) throws -> Result<PurchaseResult, PurchaseError> {

    // 0. Get the typed version of the context
    guard let context = context as? SideEffectContext<CounterState, AppDependencies> else {
      fatalError("Invalid context type")
    }

    // 1. purchase the product via storekit
    let storekitResult = context.dependencies.monetization.purchase(self.productID)
    if case .failure(let error) = storekitResult {
      return .storekitRejected(error)
    }

    // 2. get the receipt
    let receipt = context.dependencies.monetization.getReceipt()

    // 3. validate the receipt
    let validationResult = try Hydra.await(context.dispatch(Monetization.Validate(receipt)))

    // 4. map error
    return validationResult
      .map { .init(validation: $0) }
      .mapError { .validationRejected($0) }
  }
}

Note that, if this is a prominent use case for the library/app, the step 0 can be encapsulated in a protocol like this:

protocol AppReturningSideEffect: ReturningSideEffect {
  func sideEffect(_ context: SideEffectContext<AppState, DependenciesContainer>) -> Void
}

extension AppReturningSideEffect {
  func sideEffect(_ context: AnySideEffectContext) throws -> Void {
    guard let context = context as? SideEffectContext<AppState, DependenciesContainer> else {
      fatalError("Invalid context type")
    }
    
    self.sideEffect(context)
  }
}

Dependencies

The side effect example leverages an APIManager method. The Side Effect can get the APIManager by using the dependencies parameter of the context. The dependencies container is the Katana way of doing dependency injection. We test our side effects, and because of this we need to get rid of singletons or other bad pratices that prevent us from writing tests. Creating a dependency container is very easy: just create a class that conforms to the SideEffectDependencyContainer protocol, make the store generic to it, and use it in the side effect.

final class AppDependencies: SideEffectDependencyContainer {
  required init(dispatch: @escaping PromisableStoreDispatch, getState: @escaping GetState) {
		// initialize your dependencies here
	}
}

Interceptors

When defining a Store you can provide a list of interceptors that are triggered in the given order whenever an item is dispatched. An interceptor is like a catch-all system that can be used to implement functionalities such as logging or to dynamically change the behaviour of the store. An interceptor is invoked every time a dispatchable item is about to be handled.

DispatchableLogger

Katana comes with a built-in DispatchableLogger interceptor that logs all the dispatchables, except the ones listed in the blacklist parameter.

let dispatchableLogger = DispatchableLogger.interceptor(blackList: [NotToLog.self])
let store = Store<CounterState>(interceptor: [dispatchableLogger])

ObserverInterceptor

Sometimes it is useful to listen for events that occur in the system and react to them. Katana provides the ObserverInterceptor that can be used to achieve this result.

In particular you instruct the interceptor to dispatch items when:

• the store is initialized
• the state changes in a particular way
• a particular dispatchable item is managed by the store
• a particular notification is sent to the default NotificationCenter

let observerInterceptor = ObserverInterceptor.observe([
  .onStart([
    // list of dispatchable items dispatched when the store is initialized
  ])
])

let store = Store<CounterState>(interceptor: [observerInterceptor])

Note that when intercepting a side effect using an ObserverInterceptor, the return value of the dispatchable is not available to the interceptor itself.

What about the UI?

Katana is meant to give structure to the logic part of your app. When it comes to UI we propose two alternatives:

• Tempura: an MVVC framework we built on top of Katana and that we happily use to develop the UI of all our apps at Bending Spoons. Tempura is a lightweight, UIKit-friendly library that allows you to keep the UI automatically in sync with the state of your app. This is our suggested choice.

• Katana-UI: With this library, we aimed to port React to UIKit, it allows you to create your app using a declarative approach. The library was initially bundled together with Katana, we decided to split it as internally we don't use it anymore. In retrospect, we found that the impedance mismatch between the React-like approach and the imperative reality of UIKit was a no go for us.

Signpost Logger

Katana is automatically integrated with the Signpost API. This integration layer allows you to see in Instruments all the items that have been dispatched, how long they last, and useful pieces of information such as the parallelism degree. Moreover, you can analyse the cpu impact of the items you dispatch to furtherly optimise your application performances.

Bending Spoons Guidelines

In Bending Spoons, we are extensively using Katana. In these years, we've defined some best pratices that have helped us write more readable and easier to debug code. We've decided to open source them so that everyone can have a starting point when using Katana. You can find them here.

Migration from 2.x

We strongly suggest to upgrade to the new Katana. The new Katana, in fact, not only adds new very powerful capabilities to the library, but it has also been designed to be extremely compatible with the old logic. All the actions and middleware you wrote for Katana 2.x, will continue to work in the new Katana as well. The breaking changes are most of the time related to simple typing changes that are easily addressable.

If you prefer to continue with Katana 2.x, however, you can still access Katana 2.x in the dedicated branch.

Middleware

In Katana, the concept of middleware has been replaced with the new concept of interceptor. You can still use your middleware by leveraging the middlewareToInterceptor method.

Swift Version

Certain versions of Katana only support certain versions of Swift. Depending on which version of Swift your project is using, you should use specific versions of Katana. Use this table in order to check which version of Katana you need.

Where to go from here

Give it a shot

pod try Katana

Tempura

Make awesome applications using Katana together with Tempura

Check out the documentation

Documentation

You can also add Katana to Dash using the proper docset.

Installation

Katana is available through CocoaPods and Swift Package Manager, you can also drop Katana.project into your Xcode project.

Requirements

• iOS 11.0+ / macOS 10.10+

• Xcode 9.0+

• Swift 5.0+

Swift Package Manager

Swift Package Manager is a tool for managing the distribution of Swift code. It’s integrated with the Swift build system to automate the process of downloading, compiling, and linking dependencies.

There are two ways to integrate Katana in your project using Swift Package Manager:

• Adding it to your Package.swift
• Adding it directly from Xcode under File -> Swift Packages -> Add Package dependency..

In both cases you only need to provide this URL: [email protected]:BendingSpoons/katana-swift.git

CocoaPods

CocoaPods is a dependency manager for Cocoa projects. You can install it with the following command:

$ sudo gem install cocoapods

To integrate Katana into your Xcode project using CocoaPods you need to create a Podfile.

For iOS platforms, this is the content

use_frameworks!
source 'https://github.com/CocoaPods/Specs.git'
platform :ios, '9.0'

target 'MyApp' do
  pod 'Katana'
end

Now, you just need to run:

$ pod install

Get in touch

• if you have any questions you can find us on twitter: @maurobolis, @luca_1987, @smaramba

Special thanks

• Everyone at Bending Spoons for providing their priceless input;
• @orta for providing input on how to opensource the project;
• @danielemargutti for developing and maintaining Hydra;

Contribute

• If you've found a bug, open an issue;
• If you have a feature request, open an issue;
• If you want to contribute, submit a pull request;
• If you have an idea on how to improve the framework or how to spread the word, please get in touch;
• If you want to try the framework for your project or to write a demo, please send us the link of the repo.

License

Katana is available under the MIT license.

About

Katana is maintained by Bending Spoons. We create our own tech products, used and loved by millions all around the world. Interested? Check us out!